Audience addressed:
- a writer has a concrete audience
- assumption that knowledge of this audience's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations is not only possible (via observation and analysis) but essential.
- Mitchell & Taylor's general model of writing: written product --> audience --> responding process --> response --> feedback --> writer -->writing process --> written product (cycle continues)
- "In their model, the audience has the sole power of evaluating writing, the success of which "will be judged by the audience's reaction: 'good' translates into 'effective,' 'bad' into 'ineffective."' Mitchell and Taylor go on to note that "the audience not only judges writing; it also motivates it" (p. 250),10 thus suggesting that the writer the audience over both evaluation and motivation." (p. 158)
- "as they compose, writers must rely in large part upon their own vision of the reader, which they create, as readers do their vision of writers, according to their own experiences and expectations." (p. 158)
- writing makes meaning for the writer and the reader
Audience invoked:
- audience is a construction of the writer (a created fiction)
- writers cannot know the reality of their audience like speakers can (with speakers, the audience is right in front of them)
- writers use the semantic and syntactic resources of language to provide cues for the reader. these cues help define the role(s) that the writer wants the reader to adopt in responding to the text
- a writer must construct his audience in his imagination
- pedestrian audience: people who happen to pass a soap box orator
- passive occasional audience: people who come to hear a noted lecturer in a large auditorium
- active occasional audience: people who meet only on specific occasions but actively interact when they do meet
- "Writers who wish to be read must often adapt their discourse to meet the needs and expectations of an addressed audience. They may rely on past experience in addressing audiences to guide their writing, or they may engage a representative of that audience in the writing process." (p. 166)
- When a colleague, boss, or teacher reads a person's writing, they are a powerful stimulus to the writer, but it is ultimately up to the writer to decide whether or not they want to listen to the suggestions of these people.
- "writers conjure their vision-a vision which they hope readers will actively come to share as they read the text-by using all the resources of language available to them to establish a broad, and ideally coherent, range of cues for the reader." (p. 167)
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